Study case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Study case - Essay Example This paper means to show full information on the board and effect of human asset strategies and it’s anent alternatives inside the setting of Servo Engineering Company’s HR the executives. Analyst likewise means to introduce confirmations of human asset the executives to arrive at discerning resolution and proposals. In this manner, the specialist will respond to questions relating to hypothesis of ‘self-managed’ or semi-self-sufficient groups in assembling applied to Servo Engineering. What changes may be made in the association of work that may improve work profitability? Servo Engineering was built up in 1897 and inside 50 years, the organization turned into a pioneer in the assembling of vehicle parts. In the late 1970s, the organization had the option to build up its auxiliary organization named as the American Ensign (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 487). The global organization extended its assembling plants in United Kingdom, United States of America (USA), and Germany. Adjust to innovative headway, the organization additionally started creation apparatus driven and constrained by data innovation. To attempt the organization’s activities, the creation office were sorted out into six ‘self-oversaw teams’ (SMT), with 12 and 50 laborers that are working in three moves and are accepted to be item focused and are decently working as a small scale inside a bigger industrial facility (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 487). Every one of the group is invested with adequate apparatus to finish the phases of assembling items. Those that are not ap pointed as undertakings of SMT are subcontracted from redistributed administrations (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 487). Assignments were separated into the group with SMT boss doing the administrative capacities. An item facilitator is likewise entrusted to guarantee the flexibly of crude materials and the creation of requested number of focused produce while the charge-hand screens the advancement of their exhibitions (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 487). Different workers, which

Michael Flatley essays

Michael Flatley articles It appeared that Michael Flatley was at the highest point of his vocation when he was approached to leave the widely acclaimed move bunch Riverdance. This was a serious shock thinking about talented performer/choreographer gave off an impression of being the mystery behind Riverdances accomplishment from the earliest starting point. The reason for this choice was clearly due to Flatleys solid requests by they way he needed the show to run. Requests, for example, command over his own masterful understandings, requiring two full pages imprinted in the program of his life story and an a lot bigger compensation. To numerous these requests appeared to be haughty and narcissistic. His narcissistic demeanor appeared to cloud the possibility that a creation was not made by one individual alone. Since the Riverdance business culture was not receptive to only one performer, this conflicted with their whole cooperation environment. Along these lines they couldn't yield to Flatleys requests. Aft er cautious thought Flatley was given up. Here is the place the Lord of the Dance chose to gather his own one of a kind creation organization without being smothered from his craftmanship. During this pentacle point in Michael Flatleys profession we start to investigate the numerous different open doors that could have occurred. As a matter of first importance, the primary contention among Riverdance and Flatley was that they would not fulfill his needs to take control and undertaking himself as a star. Since cooperation and common joint efforts was what Riverdance prided itself upon, this critical inconsistency in their way of life was not going to be approved. A reasonable trade off in this issue could have been as straightforward as Flatley bringing down his requests to be imprinted in various pages of the program or Riverdance permitting him to have more command over his craft and translations. Since he was extremely obstinate about not losing his aesthetic impact and requested more compensation, another alternative would have been to have endured it. The media ... <!

Bipartisan Bills Introduced to End Robocalling - OppLoans

Bipartisan Bills Introduced to End Robocalling - OppLoans Bipartisan Bills Introduced to End RobocallingInside Subprime: April 16, 2019By Grace AustinSeveral efforts to combat robocalling have been introduced with bipartisan support in Congress, as those at the state level look to fight the nuisance as well.The Help Americans Never Get Unwanted Phone calls, or HANGUP Act, has been reintroduced by Sens. Ed Markey, D-Massachusetts, and Mike Lee, R-Utah, and Rep. Anna Eshoo, D-California. The bipartisan bill would amend a Telephone Consumer Protection Act statute and a Federal Communications Commission rule that allows government contractors and debt collectors to be free from those regulations.“The HANGUP Act ensures that government and government contractors are held to the same standard that we hold independent and private businesses,” said Lee.Another bipartisan bill, called the TRACED Act, was also introduced in Congress this session to combat robocalling, and could increase penalties for violators.Sens. John Thune, R-South Dakota, an d Markey, who are sponsoring the bill, say they want to increase the FCC’s authority to go after those making robocalls by imposing greater fines and making sure call authentication systems are adopted. Underneath the TRACED Act, telephone providers wouldn’t be liable for blocking calls based on information provided by the call authentication systems and the bill would only target “intentional” violators.State attorneys general across the country have come out in support of the TRACED Act.Bloomberg said the bill “has the backing of the commission as well as both industry and consumer groups.”That’s been the trouble in Congress with robocall bills â€" balancing industry interests by not over-burdening them with regulations while protecting consumers.And those robocalls are not only a daily and growing nuisance to millions of Americans: they also can be a way for scammers to deceive consumers and take their money. Scam artists often threaten consumers with harsh conseque nces like jail time or penalties to get them to pay up. They often impersonate IRS or law enforcement officials and can even spoof their phone numbers to make the calls appear legitimate.Bloomberg Government reported that Congress has failed at least a dozen times to pass legislation to end robocalling since 2015. The HANGUP Act was previously introduced twice before unsuccessfully.State governments aren’t waiting around for federal legislation, though. Pennsylvania is working on measures to prevent robocalling. Connecticut strengthened its fines for robocalling violations in 2018 and a bill in Kentucky outlawing spoofing has now made it to the governor’s desk.Still, it remains to be seen whether the bills will move forward and become law. And even if federal and state lawmakers do pass a robocalling bill, that doesn’t mean that scammers won’t be one step ahead with technology or be deterred by potential fines.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances, and chec k out our city and state financial guides, including Florida, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Research Paper About Leonardo da Vinci

Research Paper About Leonardo da Vinci According to Spielvogel, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest Italian Renaissance artists, which was once explained that a painter will create paintings of small merit if he shall use the work of other as a stand; but if he will study from natural objects, he shall bear good fruit, especially for those who shall use nature as their standard. This was the philosophy followed by da Vinci in the preparation of his paintings. As a renaissance artist, he considered the imitation of nature as his primordial goal. This has given rise to naturalism as he tried to persuade onlookers to see beyond the reality of the object that he is portraying; while at the same time, incorporating new standards, the depicts a new attitude mind as well by putting an emphasis on the human beings as the center and measure of all things. During the early Renaissance, da Vinci, together with his companions, maintained that it was Giotto who came from the 14th century, who first initiated the imitation of nature. This means that people who observed art became a world of reality that is presented to be a continuation of their own world. In fact, Western civilization changed organically, just as how the body’s form, structure and physiology change proportionally as it continues to develop. Leonardo da Vinci is known as a genius during his time and a man of inspired distraction. He was famous for being a man who had a reputation for not being able to accomplish things, but his ingenuity and uniqueness in the fields of arts and sciences has created a legacy that lasted for centuries. Though he may not have produced as much paintings as his contemporaries, he earned more by painting the fresco of the â€Å"Battle of Anghiari†, known as the Florentine victory. At the same, da Vinci was also distracted by a flight of birds, which led him to draw expansive notes on avian aeronautics, which made him discover human flight. He further explored the idea that a bird is a machine that can be operated by the use of mathematical law, and man has the knowledge and ability to duplicate a flying machine. Though this invention was unsuccessful, he focused his attention in creating several of his master pieces such as the â€Å"Battle of Anghiari†, the â€Å"Last Supperà ¢â‚¬  and the renowned â€Å"Mona Lisa†. Even though da Vinci’s early beginnings was identified with delays, he still managed to become a legacy that will live on forever. At 16 years of age, he was an engineer, creator of theatrical extravaganzas, designer of war machines and an occasional painter. In history, he is being given credit as the greatest Italian painter, sculptor and architect and whose brilliance and wisdom was beyond compare during the Renaissance. The famous work of art Mona Lisa had given him universal fame, along with the Last Supper. Later on his life, he became an excellent inventor, mathematician, engineer, naturalist and anatomist. In the field of anatomy, he discovered how the human body functions by dissecting more than 30 corpses. Edgar has reported that due to da Vinci’s imagination and innate skills, he was able to create moulds of organs such as the heart, the lungs and the womb of a mother. Another innovation that was introduced by da Vinci is the spatial considerations of taxonomy, which are comparable to modern, double-entry bookkeeping that has been codified during the Renaissance period. The double entry bookkeeping has transformed the confusing volume of data that is related to exchange of goods, while separating and classifying it on the basis of profits, losses, income and expenses, assets and liabilities. On the part of Da Vinci, he assisted in illustrating and including the very first definitive writing on double-entry bookkeeping. Nash adds that the overlap between art and technology was also expressed by da Vinci during the period 1452 to 1519 as the brilliant man of Renaissance, who both excelled in the two fields. He made important observations in mechanics and optics, by developing designs for various mechanical devices and has resolved issues on military engineering. Da Vinci has conceptualized that the paintings reflected divine creation to the highest degree possible, negating the principle of servility. According to Noble, Strauss, Osheim et al., da Vinci is famous about his plans, which were sometimes prophetic which consisted of bridges, fortresses, submarines and airships. This clearly shows how da Vinci has contributed in the field of engineering and is still up to this day continuously developing, owing to the exceptional knwledge that this man has established. In the field of painting, he left a signature mark in one of the painting technique that he developed known as â€Å"Chiaoscuro†, which makes use of a combination of light and dark in pictorial representation that presented aerial perspectives. The lines of his paintings also has shown horizons as muted, shaded zones, rather than with sharp lines, which has given inspiration to several modern day painters who followed the techniques of da Vinci. His analytical observations served as the utmost encouragement among his contemporaries. As a scientist, he was unique in such a way that he overruled those arguments and ideas based on the boundaries set by the ancients. But rather, he expressed his advocacy for the study of the natural world. This is one of the worthwhile contributions of da Vinci that changed the course of Western Civilization. Despite his lack of education and having been raised in a village that was outside of Florence, he was able to prove to the world that he can rise above the rest amidst all adversities in life. His indifference from the humanistic milieu from the city was able to set a legacy through his artistry which was comparable to his formerly schooled superiors. During one of his personal writings in his journal, he admitted that he is fully aware that though he was not a literary man, because some people consider him unworthy of recognition pointing to the reality that he is not a man of letters. However, da Vinci was brave enough to defend his inadequacy for classical education by arguing that all the best writing, just like invention is purely based on the close observation of nature. This, da Vinci’s practicality, sensibility and reasonableness has earned him a mark in history that no other schooled contemporary can surpass. In addition, according to Jackson, Leonardo also participated in the field of psychological and psychoanalytical etiology of male homosexuality through the study of Freud’s theory on male homosexuality. There is a passage in the work of Leonardo in which Sigmund Freud reinforces the repetitive history of the normative heterosexual male and the failure to conform to Oedipal orthodoxy. Da Vinci was able to evaluate the imbalance binaries of science and art through his scientific investigation, which is regarded as a more mature sublimation, which is more in keeping with the principle of reality, than the earlier sublimation of scopophilia in his art works. In fact, Freud lauds the artistic work of da Vinci as more â€Å"homosexual† than his scientific curiosity since his scientific thinking became a big contribution in the cultivation of Western civilization, whose sophistication has far exceeded his own time. Freud has labeled da Vinci’s scientific research as a sublime accomplishment and far greater than the prestige brought about by the works of art. The career of da Vinci is magnified by his intellectual prowess, while humanity succumbed to the attraction of a great and mysterious man who has contributed in the development of the Western civilization. Therefore, it is undeniable that significant role Leonardo da Vinci during the period of High Renaissance Art has influenced Western civilization. Da Vinci, despite his lack of classical education was able to prove to the world that greatness cannot be measured by literary compositions, but rather, the supreme invention can be made through close observation of nature. References Byfield, Ted. Renaissance, God in Man. Canada: Mc Callum Printing Group, 2010. Jackson, Earl. Strategies in Deviance: Studies in Gay Male Representation. USA: Indiana University Press, 1995. Noble, Thomas, Strauss, Barry, Osheim, Duane et al. Western Civilization, Beyond Boundaries, 1300-1815. California: Cengage, 2010. Rosenberg, Gary. The Revolution in Geology from Renaissance to the Enlightenment.Colorado: Geological Science of America, 2009. Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization. Boston, MA: Cengage, 2012. Thorpe, Edgar.The Pearson Guide to LLB Entrance Exams. India: Pearson Education, 2008.

Combating the Illegal Trade of Drugs - 1110 Words

A drug or medication could be a material, which can have remedial, psychoactive, performance intensifying or different effects once eaten or place into a persons body or the body of another animal and isnt thought of food or solely a food. Most substances are mostly seen to as medication instead of food, and they differ between cultures, that is, most countries see most alleged medication and food and the other way around and besides, variations regarding medication, foods and regarding sorts of medication area unit preserved in laws. These rules vary amongst area unities and are planned to limit or thwart drug use. More so, even at intervals a district, conversely, the prominence of a fabric is also indeterminate or challenged with†¦show more content†¦Their effective rehabilitation would end in huge social, economic, and health edges. Whether or not those that become alcoholic are people we associate and live with on a daily basis, we tend to should facilitate them become more sob in order that they will fancy full, productive lives (Interdiction). Over the years, drug laws are instated in numerous countries around the world. Some countries like capital of The Netherlands have legalized the utilization of medication; some legitimize medical use et al. disapproves. Countries just like the US of America have laws altogether states and at the national level, utterly forbid the possession, production, and merchandising of evident meticulous materials Drugs like cocaine, heroin, marijuana, etc. unlawfulness of medication largely depends only on its usage. A typical example is amphetamines. Its suggested in treating attention deficit disorder. Another is barbiturate; it helps resolve nervousness, and marijuana will aid ease cancer-induced repugnance. However while not prescriptions and unendorsed use of those substances are believed to gift a danger to people and to society so so. (Laws) Other ways of combating the illegal trade and develop drug interdiction education is by the use of Anti-drug messages sent through multiple shops have evidenced effectively inShow MoreRelatedThe Border Of The United States1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past decades. It has been the primary source of the illegal trades into U.S. from Mexico. Despite the government efforts to end the act, there have not been long-term solutions to the Menace. The vital approach is to understand the structural nature of the border and the socio-cultural nature of the inhabitants that facilitates the illegal act across the border. The lawful bill in place seems not to offer a practical solution to combating the problem. The existing border and immigration policiesRead MoreThe Border Of The United States1017 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past decades. It has been the primary source of the illegal trades into U.S. from Mexico. Despite the government efforts to end the act, there have not been long-term solut ions to the Menace. The vital approach is to understand the structural nature of the border and the socio-cultural nature of the inhabitants that facilitates the illegal act across the border. The lawful bill in place seems not to offer a practical solution to combating the problem. The existing border and immigration policiesRead MoreThe Peoples Republic of Bangedesh is Combatting Drug Trafficking863 Words   |  4 PagesThe People’s Republic of Bangladesh adheres to the international effort in combating the illicit trade of drugs through multiple United Nations treaties such as the 1961 First Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention against the Illicit Trade in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Bangladesh stresses the need of addressing the illicit trade of drugs within the respective borders of Member States alongside an active participationRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On The World1105 W ords   |  5 PagesThere is a depression notion that the human race is willing to do anything to make money. Across the world, people are creating illegal markets at the expense of other in order to achieve profits. Some have small environmental impact while others affect the world significantly. Some markets that are well documented in media, and are more well known throughout society are drugs, human trafficking, and slavery. These are serious markets that need to be abolished, but have a small impact on the environmentRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On The World1103 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a depression notion that the human race is willing to do anything to make money. 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The ICE also provides assistance to other nations with intelligence sharing, dataRead MoreThe International War On Drugs976 Words   |  4 Pagessimple: the international war on drugs has been all but successful. Regardless how overwhelming the combative forces against illegal drug trade may be, the combination of a non-authoritative state with powerful and wealthy organized crime syndicate s result in overall weak state efficacy. This rise in drug trafficking, along with an increase in local drug production and consumption, is a major challenge in the pursuit of peace, stability and security. The current drug situations in Africa reveal theRead MoreGovernment Response Of The Netherlands And The U.s.860 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognize that the presence of drugs is the inevitable result of an open Western society. The principal main goal of drug policy in the Netherlands is to reduce the risks of drug use for the people who use them in their immediate environment and society in general. The idea is that the disadvantageous effects of drugs stem not only from the pharmacological properties of the substances, but also from the personality of the user and the conditions under which the drugs are used. In the opinion of theRead MoreA Brief Note On The United War On The Middle East And Southeast Asia Remains Unstable1503 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Middle East and Southwest Asia remains problematic. Though there are many problems within the Middle East, the narcotics problem in Southwest Asia remains one of the largest to date. It has been much debatable as to how to proceed i n the combating of Narcotics in Afghanistan. There are many debatable arguments for the quick pull out, of all private and U.S. contract personnel out of Afghanistan to realign the methods to attack on the narcotics flow. Afghanistan is the world-leading producerRead MoreEffects Of Medicines On The Pharmaceutical Industry1266 Words   |  6 Pagescountries, the population has massively turned to the illicit market, due to the absence of a pharmaceutical monopoly. In Burkina Faso, the illicit market accounted for 20-25% of the country s peripheral drug sales. In Benin, where the illicit market accounted for 40% of sales, 60 to 80% of the drugs were counterfeit, defects, under and overdosed products. In Guinea too, the illicit market accounted for 40% of sales. [6 Cf. ReMeD Journal, No. 22, Novembre 1999: â€Å"Marchà © pharmaceutique parallà ¨le, ventes

The Expansion Of The Old West Impacted And Changed

The westward expansion of the Old West impacted and changed, for better or for worse, the lives of many Native American tribes and individuals along with the settlers and those who remained back east. The settlement of the Anglo-Americans in the West influenced the lives of the Native Americans living there throughout the spread of foreign food and crops, disease, culture, animals, and ways to live. The settlers and Native Americans both influenced each other greatly, positively as well as negatively. President Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory from the French government for fifteen million dollars in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the Unites States and stretched from The Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans. Jefferson strongly believed that the key to a nation’s health was expanding westward. He believed that a republic needed an independent and virtuous citizenry for its survival, along with the belief that independence and virtue went together with land ownership, specifically the ownership of small farms. If Jefferson was to provide enough land for the yeomen, the United States would have to expand more. The most defining themes in nineteenth century American history is the westward expansion. Native American history before European contact is divided broadly into three major periods, the Paleo-Indian period, the Archaic period, and the Woodland period. Some scholars have found evidence thatShow MoreRelatedManifest Destiny And Westward Expansion Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages1) OUTLINE: I. Topic sentence. Manifest destiny and westward expansion was a tremendous key component to the growth of the nation economically because of the impact it had on native americans, women empowerment, and expanding the population of the country. II. Significance of topic. 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They would regularly go to the west coast of India to trade different goods, like African goods, spices, and gold. As the Arabs began to convert to Islam, the religion carried to the coast of India. The first mosque in India was built in 629, it is called the Cheraman Juma Masjid. The mosque was made in the Indian state Kerala. Islam continued to spread into Indian cities, by immigration and conversion, as the Arab MuslimsRead MoreChanges and Continuity in Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesof contact and colonization, Western Europe’s economy, political, social, and military systems changed, but also maintained certain aspects that enabled them to build strong civilizations. Such changes include increased (international) trade routes, more centralized governments such as monarchies, decreased unifying influence of the Catholic Church, and increased interest in military conquest and expansion. 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In addition, some states also require various periods of residency before voting is permitted

Imf in Nepal free essay sample

During the end of the World War II, many countries started mulling the plight of the future world. There were valid concerns about reconstruction of devasted areas, and re-building and developing the war-hit economies. Remarkable decisions were made in Bretton Woods conference in 1944 to boost international trade and economic growth, and to achieve monetary stability in the global economy. Along with IMF (International Monetary Fund), IBRD (World Bank) and ITO (International Trade Organization) were the outcomes of the historical Bretton Woods Conference. However, in this report we focus on IMF as a financial institution and its activities and contribution in Nepalese economy. 1. 2 Objectives of the study †¢ To know about the IMF’s role in Strengthening the International Financial System †¢ To know the role of IMF in resolving economic crisis. To find out the impact of IMF in monetary policy. To know the IMF’s role to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. †¢ To find out the impact of IMF in Nepalese economy. †¢ To know about the IMF lending in Nepal. 1. 3 Importance of the study The following are the points, which throw light on the importance of this fieldwork: †¢ It serves as the partial fulfillment of requirement of B. B. A. program. It has helped us to boost up our confidence. †¢ It has helped us to gain an experience of working in group. It might be useful for the other researchers, who can take it to be their guideline. †¢ It might be useful for the library, so that any student wanting to prepare a report on such field can have some ideas and basic guidelines. 1. 4 Limitations of the study This study has the following limitations: †¢ We had to collect the information in very short period of time so all the required information couldn’t be collected adequately. †¢ All expenses related to this project are managed by students themselves. We could not find information as the source of relevant information and data was only internet and book. The help and cooperation provided by the personal administration of the department was not sufficient. †¢ The researcher couldn’t go beyond the responses provided. Chapter 2 An introduction to IMF The IMF is the worlds central organization for international monetary cooperation. It is an organization in which almost all countries in the world work together to promote the common good. The IMFs primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to buy goods and services from each other. This is essential for sustainable economic growth and rising living standards. The IMF is an international organization of 185 member countries. It was established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements; to foster economic growth and high levels of mployment; and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment. Since the IMF was established its purposes have remained unchanged but its operations—which involve surveillance, financial assistance, and technical assistance—have developed to meet the changing needs of its member countries in an evolving world economy. 2. 1 The origins of IMF The IMF was conceived in July 1944, when representatives of 45 governments meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the northeastern United States, agreed on a framework for international economic cooperation. They believed that such a framework was necessary to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. During that decade, attempts by countries to shore up their failing economies—by limiting imports, devaluing their currencies to compete against each other for export markets, and curtailing their citizens freedom to buy goods abroad and to hold foreign exchange—proved to be self-defeating. World trade declined sharply, and employment and living standards plummeted in many countries. Seeking to restore order to international monetary relations, the IMFs founders charged the new institution with overseeing the international monetary system to ensure exchange rate stability and encouraging member countries to eliminate exchange restrictions that hindered trade. The IMF came into existence in December 1945, when its first 29 member countries signed its Articles of Agreement. Since then, the IMF has adapted itself as often as needed to keep up with the expansion of its membership—185 countries as of June 2006—and changes in the world economy. The IMFs membership jumped sharply in the 1960s, when a large number of former colonial territories joined after gaining their independence, and again in the 1990s, when the IMF welcomed as members the countries of the former Soviet bloc upon the latters dissolution. The needs of the new developing and transition country members were different from those of the IMFs founding members, calling for the IMF to adapt its instruments. Other major challenges to which it has adapted include the end of the par value system and emergence of generalized floating exchange rates among the major currencies following the United States abandonment in 1971 of the convertibility of U. S. dollars to gold; the oil price shocks of the 1970s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s; the crises in emerging financial markets, in Mexico and Asia, in the 1990s; and the Argentine debt default of 2001. Despite the crises and challenges of the postwar years, real incomes have grown at an unprecedented rate worldwide, thanks in part to better economic policies that have spurred the growth of international trade—which has increased from about 8 percent of world GDP in 1948 to about 25 percent today—and smoothed boom-and bust cycles. But the benefits have not flowed equally to all countries or to all individuals within countries. Poverty has declined dramatically in many countries but remains entrenched in others, especially in Africa. The IMF works both independently and in collaboration with the World Bank to help its poorest member countries build the institutions and develop the policies they need to achieve sustainable economic growth and raise living standards. The IMF has continued to develop new initiatives and to reform its policies and operations to help member countries meet new challenges and to enable them to benefit from globalization and to manage and mitigate the risks associated with it. Cross-border financial flows have increased sharply in recent decades, deepening the economic integration and interdependence of countries, which has been beneficial overall although it has increased the risk of financial crisis. The emerging market countries—countries whose financial markets are in an early stage of development and international integration—of Asia and Latin America are particularly vulnerable to volatile capital flows. And crises in emerging market countries can spill over to other countries, even the richest. Particularly since the mid-1990s, the IMF has made major efforts to help countries prevent crises and to manage and resolve those that occur. Globalization, poverty, the inevitability of occasional crises in a dynamic world economy—and, no doubt, future problems impossible to foresee—make it likely that the IMF will continue to play an important role in helping countries work together for their mutual benefit for many years to come. 2. 2 Purposes of IMF †¢ To promote international cooperation by providing the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary issues †¢ To acilitate balanced growth of international trade and its expansion so as to contribute to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development for the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy. †¢ To promote exchange stability and orderly exchange arrangements among its members. †¢ To foster a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and seek elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade. To provide financial resources temporarily to correct maladjustment in BOPs. †¢ To shorten the duration and magnitude of payment imbalances. 2. 3 IMF’s Organization and Operation The IMF is governed by, and is accountable to, its member countries through its Board of Governors. There is one Governor from each member country, typically the finance minister or central bank governor. The Governors usually meet once a year, in September or October, at the Annual Meetings of the IMF and the World Bank. Key policy issues related to the international monetary system are considered twice a year by a committee of Governors called the International Monetary and Financial Committee, or the IMFC. A joint committee of the Boards of Governors of the IMF and the World Bank—the Development Committee—advises and reports to the Governors on development policy and other matters of concern to developing countries. The day-to-day work of the IMF is carried out by the Executive Board, which receives its powers from the Board of Governors, and the IMFs internationally recruited staff. The Executive Board usually meets three times a week, in full-day sessions, and more often if needed, at the IMFs headquarters in Washington, D. C. Of the 24 Executive Directors on the Board, 8 are appointed by single countries—the IMFs 5 largest quota-holders (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom) and China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The other 16 Executive Directors are elected for two-year terms by groups of countries known as constituencies. The Executive Board selects the IMFs Managing Director, who is appointed for a renewable five-year term. The Managing Director reports to the Board and serves as its chair and the chief of the IMFs staff and is assisted by a First Deputy Managing Director and two other Deputy Managing Directors. Unlike some international organizations (such as the United Nations General Assembly) that operate under a one-country-one-vote principle, the IMF has a weighted voting system. The larger a countrys quota in the IMF—determined broadly by its economic size—the more votes the country has, in addition to its basic votes, of which each member has an equal number. But the Board rarely makes decisions based on formal voting; most decisions are based on consensus. In the early 2000s, in response to changes in the weight and role of countries in the world economy, the IMF began to reexamine the distribution of quotas and voting power to ensure that all members are fairly represented. IMF employees, who come from over 140 countries, are international civil servants. Their responsibility is to the IMF, not to the national authorities of the countries of which they are citizens. About one-half of the IMFs approximately 2,700 staff members are economists. Most staff works at the IMFs Washington, D. C. , headquarters, but the IMF also has over 85 resident representatives posted in member countries around the world. In addition, it maintains offices in Brussels, Paris, and Tokyo, which are responsible for liaison with other international and regional institutions and civil society organizations, as well as in New York and Geneva, which focus on liaison with institutions in the UN system. The Geneva office is also responsible for liaison with the World Trade Organization. Evaluating the IMFs operations: In 2001, the IMFs Executive Board established the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), which reviews selected IMF operations and presents its findings to the Board and to IMF management. The IEO operates independently of management and at arms length from the Board, although the Board appoints the IEOs director. The IEO establishes its own work program, selecting operations for review based on suggestions from stakeholders inside and outside the IMF. Its recommendations strongly influence IMF policy and activity.

Against Capital Punishment Essays - Crime, Misconduct, Penology

Against Capital Punishment ?At 8:00 p.m. it was nearing the end of John Evans' last day on death row. He had spent most of the day with his minister and family, praying and talking of what was to come. At 8:20 he was walked from his cell down to the long hall to the execution room and strapped in the electric chair. At 8:30 p.m. the first jolt of 1900 volts passed through Mr. Evans' body. It lasted 30 seconds. Sparks and flames erupted from the electrode tied to Mr. Evans' leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the chair and his fist clenched permanently. The electrode then burst from the strap holding it in place. A large puff of gray smoke and sparks pored out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors then examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead. The electrode was then refastened and Mr. Evans was given another 30-second jolt. The stench was nauseating. Again the doctors examined him and found his heart still beating. At this time the prison commissioner, who was talking on the line with Governor George Wallace of Alabama, was asked to cancel the execution on the grounds that Mr. Evans was being subject to cruel and unusual punishment. The request was denied. At 8:40 p.m. the third charge of electricity was passed through Mr. Evans body. At 8:44 p.m. he was pronounced dead. The execution took 14 minutes. Afterward officials were embarrassed by what one observer called the ?barbaric ritual.? The electric chair is supposed to be a very humane way of administering death, if there is one? (Zimring, & Hawkins, 1986, p.1). Every Western Industrial nation has stopped executing criminals, except the United States. Most Western nations have executed criminals in this century, and many were executed after World War II. Then executions suddenly decreased (Clay, 1990, p.9). This is partly because the people in many European countries might have been tired of killing from the war. In most cases the countries and states that stopped capital punishment followed with its formal abolition shortly after (Clay, 1990, p.10). One reason that the United States did not end capital punishment at this time is partly due to the fact that the war was never fought on our soil and US citizens had not all lived through the death and destruction of WWII personally. Some think that the United States should have followed Europe's lead and abolished capital punishment; some think it never should. The truth of the matter is, the United States should cease the use of capital punishment in both federal and state prisons. Capital punishment is immoral and unethical; it degrades society, and lowers the value of a human life. It does not deter murder, it is not economically efficient, and its effects are irreversible. There is not one good reason to keep executing wrongdoers in the United States or anywhere else. Capital punishment goes against the morals and standards that our country is based upon. A punishment that inflicts harm on a person can hardly be good or moral if it is purposeless. A punishment may be given to a wrongdoer for one or a combination of the following reasons: (1) to protect the community from the criminal returning to previous activity, (2) to rehabilitate the offender; and (3) to restore the moral order breached by the violation. Capital punishment is not required to accomplish any of these purposes. Other alternatives work better or at least as well (Robinson, 1999, October 7). Killing is not the answer (Bender& Leone, 1987 p. 63). Recently some states have been implementing life without parole as an alternative to death. This has proven just a successful as the death penalty for punishment. It prevents criminals from returning to society, and is less expensive than capital punishment (Vila & Morris, 1997, p.255). Another study shows that over 80% of those serving li fe sentences will never commit another crime, and well over 80% will never again commit a capital offense (Bedau, 1999, November 10). These statistics clearly show that other forms of punishment are successful in the deterrence

Sculpting Earths Surface Presentation

Sculpting Earths Surface Presentation Introduction The geographic features that define the Earth, such as volcanoes, trenches, mountains and even the physical locations of various continents, have been defined by the motions created as a result of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust. These plates that have been estimated to be fifteen in number drift on the molten rock which surrounds the core of the earth (Rackley, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sculpting Earth’s Surface Presentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the collision of these plates that lead to the formation of various features such as the mountains, and the trenches. Other than the processes of collision mentioned herein, erosion from both the wind and rain and other movements like glaciers also contribute to the sculpting of the Earth’s surface. Sculpting of the Earth’s surface can therefore be understood as the process through which vario us features tend to be created on the surface of the earth (Rackley, 2008). The rest of this report presents sculpting analysis, and finally gives the conclusion. Analysis of earth sculpting The processes that lead to the sculpting of the surface of the Earth have been attributed to the violent collisions that exist between the tectonic plates and the fragments of the rocky outer shell that are constantly in motion. The best example to demonstrate this is the southern part of Africa. In this region exists one of the world’s largest plateau of over one thousand miles both in depth and across. Despite having this feature that has been observed to slowly rise over the past period, geologic evidence collected by various researchers has demonstrated that this part of Africa and environs have not experienced a tectonic collisions for over four hundred million years (Ritseme, 2001). Source: Gurnis, M., (2001). Sculpting of the earth from Inside Out. Scientific American Inc.Advertis ing Looking for report on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diagram above represents a mental map that combines measurements of thousands of vibrations caused by earthquakes that have been believed to travel through the planet. Blue areas in blue color represent the cold, dense rock that is believed to have experienced a quick movement, yellow, representing hot but less compact rock that is believed to have experienced slower movement. The sculpting features can therefore only be attributed to some vertical motion by a large chunk of the earth’s surface. Other examples that would support this premise are evidently observed from the vast stretches of the North America and Australia which are believed to have been bowed down some thousands of years ago and suddenly reappeared (Gurnis, 2001). Geologists have extensively studied the central layer of the planet Earth, a region believed to be a scalding; hot rock is found just below some jigsaw combination of tectonic plates and stretches much deeper to about 1800 miles away from the outer edge of the earth’s iron core (Gurnis, 2001). Earlier studies indicated that the differences in the mantle temperature result in the solid rocks creeping features. However, the scientific relationship that exists between the molasses like structures (that results in creeping features) and the rise to the vertical motions could not be substantiated (Ritseme, 2001). Moreover, progress in understanding of the same has been enabled due to the inventions of powerful computer models that have the ability of combining snapshots of the mantle in the present day with various clues into how such processes could have occurred (Gurnis, 2001). The African superswell mystery was among the easiest and first explainable structures with these computers. These Southern African features were attributed to the mantle, which having been creped could churn, and roil like hot soup pot, ready to boil. The low density of the rock, which appeared to be very hot, made the resultant boiling material buoyant, thereby ascending slowly while the colder and denser rocks tend to sink until the heat that escapes the molten core warms the material enough to make it rise repeatedly. The motions that appear in a three dimension are called convectional and are believed to create a horizontal motion experienced by the tectonic plates (Ritseme, 2001). Conclusion The Earth’s interior constant motions in its mantle can therefore be attributed to the constant drifts, surface movements of the Earth’s surface and other physical features experienced. This points out to the fact that such processes happening in the interior part of the earth give the greatest danger to the life-possessing species on the Earth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sculpting Earth’s Surface Presentation specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Reference List Gurnis, M., (2001). Sculpting of the earth from Inside Out. Scientific American Inc. Web. Rackley, S., (2008),. The earth’s surface’ weathering process. USA: Scientific American Inc. Ritseme, J., (2001). Indonesian down welling. California institute of technology. USA: Scientific American Inc.

Fidelity Investments partnership with schools Case Study - 2

Fidelity Investments partnership with schools - Case Study Example One of the benefits accruing from Fidelity Investments’ partnership with Citizen Schools is the improvement of its employees’ team building skills. Another benefit is that the partnership enabled majority of Fidelity employees who participated in the apprenticeship exercise to improve their public speaking, communication, and presentation skills. Through participation in the program, both the employees and the entire Fidelity Investments Company got fulfillment for influencing vulnerable students positively. The partnership helped Fidelity Investments employees develop and others to sharpen their leadership skills. It was beneficial for some Fidelity executives to sit in the schools’ top decision-making body, the leadership board (Discussion Case: Fidelity Investments’ Partnership with Citizen Schools 424). Lastly, offering apprenticeship services for the areas in which they were experts made Fidelity employees feel relevant in the real life and might have helped them reflect on how much they knew. A risk with this partnership is the overworking of Fidelity employees or disruption of work schedules. Fidelity employees could be overworked because they worked both in their company and in the Citizen Schools teaching. Work schedule might have needed modification in order to accommodate time for Fidelity employees to teach at Citizen Schools. The two-way flow of benefits between Fidelity Investments and Citizen Schools is one of the things that qualify the partnership as an example of strategic philanthropy. This is because the partnership helped improve Fidelity employees’ skills while benefitting Citizen Schools with labor from these employees. Secondly, the partnership helped build higher profiles for both Citizen Schools and Fidelity Investments.  

5 & 6 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 & 6 - Coursework Example Despite the debatable assertion that it is important to apply the â€Å"assembly line justice† concept because of the large caseloads compared to the resources and personnel needed to handle them, there are a myriad of considerations that are overlooked. Using assembly line justice means that cases do not get individual attention and there are not questions of fact or law that are raised and as such, dispositions in such cases are just routine. This concept is particularly unjust because, important aspects of a case may be overlooked and as such the dispositions made may be unjust or cruel, despite the fact timely closure for both victim and perpetrator is given. This is because defendants and appellants rights to trial are denied; most cases end with a plea bargain, usually of guilty simply because the court considers the cases routine (Neubauer and Fradella 123). Additionally, this concept of assembly line justice has shifted the focus of courts from the traditional due process procedures, whereby, the courts’ actors, specifically defense attorneys and prosecutors, were required to prove their cases beyond any reasonable doubt before any resolutions can be achieved or reached to courts trying to reach resolutions without any adjudication (Neubauer and Fradella 124). Therefore, using the assembly line justice concept on the mere argument that it helps deal with the issue of excessive caseloads is neither here or th ere, since it clearly overlooks other fundamental aspects of the court system including the rule of law, local legal systems and the relationship with organization. Therefore, the use of assembly line justice is not just and should not be used. Q #2: The Supreme Court has decided that prosecutors (Chapter 6) are to be immune from civil lawsuits arising from them acting in their official capacity. Without this type of legal protection, it was feared prosecutors would hesitate to do their jobs because they would be scared of

The Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example for Free

The Pursuit of Happiness Essay The 2006 movie The Pursuit of Happyness, featuring will smith and real-life son Jaden Smith received significant financial success both during its original release and subsequent DVD edition. Inspired by the memoirs by self-made millionaire Chris Gardner together with Quincy Troupe, the film features the challenges of pursing the â€Å"American dream†, a challenge more easily associated with foreigners or immigrants to the country. The inspirational value of the movie is one of the reasons for its appeal. In the story, Gardner is portrayed as having employment is al subject to the social change faced by the unemployed. Though the premise of the story is not unique, the films approach illustrating how the collective impact of small social challenges can lead to homelessness highlights the concern of the spiraling social exclusion most middle class Americans have to deal with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gardner’s joke to his son regarding the drowning man who turned down the rescue of two boats in favor of waiting for God himself to save him is a testimony to the philosophy that he believes was key to his success. Similar to the adage that God helps those who help themselves, Gardner points out that one should not be so proud as to accept the help of others even if they do not compare to one’s expectation of the help that one needs. Moreover, Gardner’s story to his son encourages him to see the hand of God behind the opportunities, good and bad that comes his way going beyond corporeal or mystical manifestations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are key moments in the film where this can be most apparent. One of the early moments where this is seen is when he asks a man going out of a Ferrari what he did for a living and how he did it. The encounter, in real life with then top stockbroker Bob Bridges, led to Gardner’s introduction to a career in stock trading. Gardner again illustrates this idea in his interview with the internship position where he had to convince the panel to accept him though he came underdressed to the interview. Another example is portrayed in the daily rush father and son would always have to make at the end of the day to be able to get s a lot in the church shelter as well as the times when he sought â€Å"creative† ways of finding a place to spend the night in with his son which included railway station bathroom, subways and busses. The other scene that brings the deliver the same message was when the light of the bone density machine was being repaired by Gardner. But the most poignant illustrations of the philosophy behind Gardner’s quip are delivered by the conversations between father and son such as in Gardner’s lecture to his son regarding pursuing one’s dream despite others’ negative opinion viewing the city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At many points in the picture, Gardner is portrayed as someone who is driven to the edge but is able to keep himself from totally falling into despair. His moments of self-pride in the movie are always resolved to have negative consequences such as having to run from a taxi driver and missing a slot in the shelter due to lending his boss cab fare. Often he is shown to have to swallow his pride to seek shelter or care but remains committed to alleviating his situation with his son as best he can and to not be dependent on welfare or the charity of others. Gardner’s view of helping one’s self emphasizes self-reliance but also self-realization. He points out that to be able to triumph from challenges: one has to be able to commit one’s self on doing so and pursuing every opportunity that comes. This implies the need to actively seek ways to accomplish such an objective, improving one’s self and learning from others and to persist regardless of failure. Work Cited The Pursuit of Happyness. Dir. Gabriele Muccino. Perf. Will Smith, Jaden Smith, Thandie Newton. Sony Pictures. 15 December 2006.

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande V

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande Valley The human genome revolution will have as big an impact on the average person as it does on the scientist researching it. Millions of people throughout the world will benefit from this experimentation. Understanding genetic material and the ability to pinpoint errors in genes, may lead to the prevention of many genetic diseases. The ultimate goal is to use research to develop new ways to treat, care, or even prevent the thousands of diseases that afflict humankind. Although the scientific community delivers many contributions to this scientific accomplishment, the road to a new age of disease free human life is long and rocky with struggles and disbelief. Whether inherited or resulting from the body’s response to environmental stresses, all diseases have a genetic component. The advances in this field hold an excellent future for treating and curing genetic diseases. Scientists can do this by using normal genes to supplement defective genes and to bolster immunity t o disease. In the Rio Grande Valley, an area dominated by Hispanic ancestry, many genetic diseases, such as diabetes, are common illnesses suffered by many people. According to the Mendelian Laws of Heredity, diabetes is an inherited disease, resulting from a recessive trait and affecting millions of people throughout the United States, especially people of Hispanic origins. When the body cannot make full use of some foods we eat, mainly carbohydrates of sugars and starches, a large gland under the stomach called the pancreas does not make available enough insulin to burn these foods as energy or sto... ...ent of most, if not all, human diseases.† The human genome revolution affects the Rio Grande Valley and myself because it will help to treat and prevent genetic diseases that others and I may be afflicted by. This research is important, especially to couples, because every baby born deserves a chance in life in a disease free world. The research is also significant to those who suffer from diabetes; they too deserve a life free of physical illnesses and constant medical care. In my life, I personally know and love many people that have been affected by these genetic diseases and helping them receive treatment will be the greatest gift of love I could ever offer. I know there are also many people that feel the same, because everyone has a special person in their life, a family member, friend, peer or acquaintance that will benefit from this remarkable research.

Titian’s Venus and the Lutenist

Titian, Venus and the Lutenist Titian’s Venus and the Lutenist depicts Venus laying in a courtly setting set on a larger pastoral landscape. The intertwining of both courtly and pastoral is common in the high Renaissance and appropriate for the painting as Venus is the queen of love, beauty, and nature. The painting was very possibly a wedding gift to a nobleman or ruler, and the theme of marriage is reflected in Venus’ ring and the wreath of flowers that Cupid places above her head. Trademarks of the courtly, such as jewelry and sumptuous clothing, are inscribed with pastoral features.Indeed, Venus is set upon a pastoral and natural landscape because â€Å"there is none among [living things] which has not been derived from love as from its first and most reverend father. † (Bembo, Gli Asolani) By setting her indoors, laying on luxurious fabrics, Titian glorifies and places a higher value on Venus. It seems to set a hierarchy where she is at the top, and nature a nd humanity are underneath. She lays beside a nobleman playing the lute, which is in itself a courtly instrument and he is gazing at her in admiration.By portraying the nobleman as young, Titian gives Venus an almost maternal quality, playing on the idea that she is the mother of all things (she is occasionally compared to Mary. ) She is also set apart from the scene in the background by the difference in the activities being performed by the figures. In the background can be seen nymphs and satyrs dancing freely, in contrast to the higher, more civilized Venus in the foreground. Titian resolves contradictory values of the sixteenth century by ennobling and glorifying a figure of great sexuality and underlining Venus’ influence on all of nature through the larger pastoral landscape.

Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War

The Siege of Paris was fought September 19, 1870 to January 28, 1871 and was a key battle of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). With the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, French forces suffered a string of serious reverses at the hands of the Prussians. Following their decisive victory at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, the Prussians quickly advanced on Paris and encircled the city. Laying siege to city, the invaders were able to contain Paris garrison and defeated several attempted breakout attempts. Seeking to reach a decision, the Prussians began shelling the city in January 1871. Three days later the Paris surrendered. The Prussian triumph effectively ended the conflict and led to the unification of Germany. Background Following their triumph over the French at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, 1870, Prussian forces began marching on Paris. Moving swiftly, the Prussian 3rd Army along with the Army of Meuse encountered little resistance as they neared the city. Personally guided by King Wilhelm I and his chief of staff, Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian troops began encircling the city. Within Paris, the citys governor, General Louis Jules Trochu, had massed around 400,000 soldiers, half of which were untested National Guardsmen. Count Helmuth von Moltke. Photograph Source: Public Domain As the pincers closed, a French force under General Joseph Vinoy attacked Crown Prince Fredericks troops south of the city at Villeneuve Saint Georges on September 17. Attempting to save a supply dump in the area, Vinoys men were driven back by massed artillery fire. The following day the railroad to Orleans was cut and Versailles occupied by the 3rd Army. By the 19th, the Prussians had completely encircled the city beginning the siege. In the Prussian headquarters a debate was had over how best to take the city. Siege of Paris Conflict: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)Dates: September 19, 1870-January 28, 1871Armies Commanders:PrussiaField Marshal Helmuth von MoltkeField Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal240,000 menFranceGovernor Louis Jules TrochuGeneral Joseph Vinoyapprox. 200,000 regularsapprox. 200,000 militiaCasualties:Prussians: 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, approximately 47,000 civilian casualtiesFrench: 12,000 killed and wounded The Siege Begins Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck argued in favor of immediately shelling the city into submission. This was countered by the sieges commander, Field Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal who believed shelling the city to be inhumane and against the rules of war. He also argued that a quick victory would lead to peace before the remaining French field armies could be destroyed. With these in place, it was likely that the war would be renewed in a short time. After hearing arguments from both sides, William elected to allow Blumenthal to proceed with the siege as planned. Within the city, Trochu remained on the defensive. Lacking faith in his National Guardsmen, he hoped that the Prussians would attack allowing his men to fight from within the citys defenses. As it quickly became apparent that the Prussians were not going to attempt to storm the city, Trochu was forced to reconsider his plans. On September 30, he ordered Vinoy to demonstrate and test the Prussian lines west of the city at Chevilly. Striking the Prussian VI Corps with 20,000 men, Vinoy was easily repulsed. Two weeks later, on October 13, another attack was made at Chà ¢tillon. St-Cloud after the fighting at Chà ¢tillon, October 1870. Public Domain   French Efforts to Break the Siege Though French troops succeeded in taking the town from the Bavarian II Corps, they were eventually driven back by Prussian artillery. On October 27, General Carey de Bellemare, commander of the fort at Saint Denis, attacked the town of Le Bourget. Though he had no orders from Trochu to move forward, his attack was successful and French troops occupied the town. Though it was of little value, Crown Prince Albert ordered it retaken and Prussian forces drove the French out on the 30th. With morale in Paris low and made worse by news of the French defeat at Metz, Trochu planned a large sortie for November 30. Consisting of 80,000 men, led by General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, the attack struck at Champigny, Creteil and Villiers. In the resulting Battle of Villiers, Ducrot succeeded in driving back the Prussians and taking Champigny and Creteil. Pressing across the Marne River towards Villiers, Ducrot was unable to breakthrough the last lines of Prussian defenses. Having suffered over 9,000 casualties, he was forced to withdraw to Paris by December 3. With food supplies low and communication with the outside world reduced to sending letters by balloon, Trochu planned a final breakout attempt. Prussian troops outside of Paris, 1870.   Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H26707 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 The City Falls On January 19, 1871, a day after William had been crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles, Trochu assaulted the Prussian positions at Buzenval. Though Trochu took the village of St. Cloud, his supporting attacks failed, leaving his position isolated. At the end of the day Trochu was forced to fall back having taken 4,000 casualties. As a result of the failure, he resigned as governor and turned command over to Vinoy. Though they had contained the French, many in the Prussian high command were becoming impatient with the siege and the increasing duration of the war. With the war adversely affecting the Prussian economy and disease beginning to break out on the siege lines, William ordered that a solution be found. On January 25, he directed von Moltke to consult with Bismarck on all military operations. After doing so, Bismarck immediately ordered that Paris be shelled with the armys heavy Krupp siege guns. Following three days of bombardment, and with the citys population starving, Vinoy surrendered the city. Aftermath In the fighting for Paris, the French suffered 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, as well as approximately 47,000 civilian casualties. Prussian losses were around 12,000 dead and wounded. The fall of Paris effectively ended the Franco-Prussian War as French forces were ordered to cease fighting following the citys surrender. The Government of National Defense signed the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, officially ending the war. The war itself had completed the unification of Germany and resulted in the transfer of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.